FW
A new report highlights the global carbon fibre and yarn market growing and how. The report by Thryve Research projects the market will be worth $4.7 billion by 2033. The market, was at $2.5 billion in 2024, and is set to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.5 per cent from 2026 to 2033. This increase is largely due to a global push for lightweight, high-strength materials across critical sectors like aerospace, automotive, and wind energy. While Asia-Pacific leads this growth, a new narrative is emerging: India's ambitious stride to become a key player in the production and application of this material of the future.
The global growth picture
The global carbon fibre yarn market, currently at approximately $2.3 billion in 2025, is a testament to the material's versatility. Its applications range from enhancing the structural integrity of aircraft and automobiles to fortifying wind turbine blades and sporting goods. The market is segmented by application, with each sector driven by unique factors:
Aerospace: The primary driver is the demand for fuel efficiency and reduced emissions, making the high strength-to-weight ratio of carbon fibre indispensable for structural components.
Automotive: The shift towards Electric Vehicles (EVs) is a major catalyst. Carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP) help extend EV range by reducing vehicle weight, and are increasingly used in premium cars for body panels and crash structures.
Wind energy: As wind turbine blades grow longer to capture more energy, they require materials that are both strong and light to withstand immense forces. Carbon fibre is the ideal solution, improving durability and reducing overall weight.
Sporting goods: The market thrives on consumer interest in high-performance gear. Carbon fibre's lightness and strength are prized in products like tennis rackets, bicycle frames, and golf shafts.
Construction: The use of carbon fibre in seismic reinforcement and retrofitting aging bridges and buildings is a growing application, driven by the need for durable and corrosion-resistant materials.
Table: Global carbon fibre market and growth drivers
Region Market size ($ bn) Growth drivers Asia-Pacific 1.1 Robust manufacturing, industrialization, cost competitiveness Europe 0.6 Strong aerospace & wind energy industries, stringent regulations North America 0.5 Aerospace, defense, and premium automotive segments Latin America 0.07 Rising infrastructure investment, niche sporting goods demand Middle East & Africa 0.03 Emerging construction and energy sectors
Source: Thryve Research, Verified Market Reports)
India's changing market from importer to producer
Historically, India has been a net importer of carbon fibre, relying on countries like the US, France, Japan, and Germany for its supply. However, the tides are turning. In a significant policy shift, the Indian government has announced plans to achieve indigenous production of niche carbon fibre by 2025-26. This initiative is a cornerstone of the broader Make in India campaigns.
The Indian Carbon Fiber Market is projected to reach approximately $908.5 million by 2030, with a CAGR of 8.3 per cent from 2024 to 2030, as per IndustryARC. Growth is heavily influenced by domestic demand and the government's push for local manufacturing.
Factors driving growth
Wind energy sector: India's ambitious target of achieving 140 GW of wind capacity by 2030 is a primary driver. The country's growing wind energy sector requires large quantities of carbon fibre for the production of lightweight and durable turbine blades.
Technical textiles & defence: Carbon fibre is a critical material in the technical textiles sector, with applications in aerospace, civil engineering, and defense. The National Technical Textiles Mission is supporting research and development in this area, including projects for indigenizing carbon fibre production.
Automotive sector: India's Automotive Mission Plan (AMP) 2047 aims for significant growth in auto and auto component exports. The increasing adoption of lightweight materials to meet fuel efficiency norms and support the burgeoning EV market will fuel demand for carbon fibre.
Table: India’s carbon fibre industry Outlook (2025-30)
Metric Value Source Market Size (2030) $908.5 million IndustryARC CAGR (2024–2030) 8.30% IndustryARC Major Domestic Producers Reliance Industries, Jindal Advanced Materials, Silcarb Recrystallized Multiple sources Government Missions National Technical Textiles Mission, Automotive Mission Plan 2047 MoT / MoHI Major Demand Sectors Wind Energy, EVs, Aerospace, Defence, Technical Textiles (Not specified)
However, the move towards self-reliance is not just a government mandate but a tangible reality, with several companies leading the charge. For example, Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) has announced plans to establish India's first world-class carbon fibre manufacturing facility in Hazira, Gujarat. This move is poised to transform the domestic landscape and make carbon fibre more accessible to Indian industries.
Jindal Advanced Materials (JAM) in a strategic partnership with Italy's MAE S.p.A., is setting up a carbon fibre plant with an annual capacity of 3,500 metric tonnes. This collaboration is a significant step towards local production and will position JAM as a key supplier in the industry. Similarly, Silcarb Recrystallized is a pioneer in manufacturing the equipment necessary for carbon fibre production, having successfully installed the country's first-ever carbon fibre production line. This is a crucial development in building the foundational technology for indigenous manufacturing.
What lies ahead…
Despite the promising outlook, the carbon fibre market in India faces challenges. High production costs, a reliance on imported precursor materials, and the need for a robust supply chain are key hurdles. Furthermore, concerns about the environmental impact of the manufacturing process and the difficulty of recycling carbon fibre composites need to be addressed.
However, the opportunities far outweigh the challenges. The government's Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme and initiatives under the National Technical Textiles Mission are creating a supportive ecosystem for manufacturing. The growth of startups in sectors like drones and advanced manufacturing is also creating a new wave of domestic demand.
By focusing on R&D, fostering public-private partnerships, and addressing sustainability concerns, India is well-positioned to not only meet its domestic demand but also to carve out a significant share in the global carbon fibre and yarn market. The vision is clear: to weave a future where this high-performance material is no longer an import, but a symbol of India's self-reliance and technological prowess.
This year, the ITMF Annual Conference & Annual Convention will be held from October 24-25, 2025 at Yogyakarta.
Co-hosted by the International Textile Manufacturers Federation (ITMF) and the International Apparel Federation (IAF), this edition will be the 40th IAF World Fashion Convention and will bring together chief executives, industry experts, decision-makers, and innovators from across the entire global value chain. The Indonesian Textile Industry Association (API) will serve as the host association.
A crucial forum
Under the comprehensive theme, ‘Navigating Uncertainty & Adopting Technology – Pathways to Sustainable Strength in the Textile & Apparel Industry,’ the two-day conference will serve as a crucial forum for addressing the industry's most pressing challenges and opportunities.
Leaders from both the textile manufacturing (ITMF) and apparel/fashion (IAF) sectors will emphasize the need for industry-wide collaboration to build stronger, smarter, and more sustainable supply chains in a period of unprecedented global change. The joint convention aims to foster a deeper understanding across the value chain, which is essential for competitiveness.
Cutting-edge insights
The program is set to deliver cutting-edge insights through a series of dynamic sessions, including showcase of the potential and dynamics of one of ASEAN's largest economies and a major global production hub, discussions on compliance, global trade uncertainties, and evolving legislative landscapes, a deep dive into transformative technologies, including sessions on reducing audit fatigue and the latest progress in the sector, exploring the role and applications of Artificial Intelligence across the manufacturing, supply chain, and design processes, addressing the industry's critical path toward achieving net-zero emissions, including new initiatives like the manufacturer-led Apparel & Textile Transformation Initiative (ATTI) and a focused discussion on global trends in both cotton and man-made fibers.
The event will feature the presentation of the ITMF Start-up Awards, the ITMF International Collaboration Awards, and the ITMF Sustainability & Innovation Awards, recognizing pioneering global efforts.
The United States Fashion Industry Association (USFIA) will host the 37th Annual Apparel Importers Trade & Transportation Conference on November 5, 2025, at the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) in New York City. The event is co-hosted with FIT’s Jay and Patty Baker School of Business and Technology, International Trade and Marketing Department.
This flagship conference brings together fashion industry professionals from across the supply chain - including sourcing, trade compliance, logistics, marketing, and sustainability - for a full day of insights, networking, and strategic discussion.
According to Julia K Hughes, President, USFIA, this conference is a critical opportunity for industry leaders to stay informed and connected. Leading experts will express their views on tariffs, sourcing diversification, compliance challenges, and opportunities for circularity and sustainability in the supply chain.
Featured sessions will cover Sourcing Outlook and Trends for 2026, Tariffs and Trade: What’s on the Horizon for Brands and Retailers, Traceability and Tariff Compliance Strategies for Brands and Retailers, Circularity and Fashion Innovation, and Industry Insights on Made in USA and the Global Outlook
Premiere Vision is strategically changing its approach to highlight French savoir-faire (know-how) at its main fashion industry trade shows, effective in 2026.
The organization is evolving its Made in France PV show by integrating its offerings into two major events: Première Vision Paris and Blossom Première Vision.
This move is part of Première Vision’s commitment to align with market changes, aiming to boost the clarity, coherence, and synergy of its events. The goal is to better serve brands, manufacturers, and regional businesses while showcasing French craftsmanship on a larger, more impactful national and international stage.
The integration will strategically reposition the ‘Made in France’ content. The event will feature a dedicated showcase and new curated content to elevate the visibility of French craftsmanship. This is intended to enrich the visitor experience and strengthen the connection between local production, creativity, and innovation.
The Blossom Première Vision show will now include premium garment manufacturers, creating new links between exceptional materials and high-end fashion production.
This new, consolidated format is designed to offer French companies significant advantages including increased visibility, access to a broader, more diverse visitor base, new synergies between various market segments
Florence Rousson, Chair of the Executive Board of Première Vision, commented that this evolution gives ‘new momentum’ to the Made in France initiative by strengthening its business, inspirational, and strategic dimensions. She stated that the decision reflects the company's ambition to put French know-how at the center of the Première Vision experience, building a platform that remains true to its DNA as a global hub for creative, sustainable, and competitive fashion.
From €6.44 billion in the prior year quarter, currency-neutral revenues of the brand adidas increased by 16 per cent to €6.63 billion in Q3, FY25.
The company’s gross margin edged up to 51.8 per cent during the quarter from 51.3 per cent in the corresponding quarter last year, overcoming headwinds from unfavorable currency shifts and higher tariffs. Its operating profit rose to €736 million compared to €598 million in 2024.
Based on this better-than-expected performance, adidas is significantly boosting its full-year guidance for 2025.
The company expects currency-neutral revenues for the core adidas to grow by double-digits during the year. However, including the prior-year Yeezy sales, total currency-neutral revenues are projected to increase by around 9 per cent, a slight improvement from the previous ‘high-single-digit rate’ forecast.
adidas’ operating profit for the full year is now expected to reach around €2.0 billion, as against the earlier projected guidance of between €1.7 billion and €1.8 billion. This improved outlook is credited to sustained brand momentum, the strong business execution, and successful efforts to offset increased US tariff costs.
Highlighting the company’s strong growth, Bjorn Guilden, CEO, expressed a positive outlook toward 2026, which is lined up to be a major sports year. adidas will release its full financial report on October 29.
A new analysis by Crisil Ratings indicates, the recent Goods and Services Tax (GST) changes will significantly impact India’s organized apparel retail sector this fiscal year. The tax rationalization is expected to add roughly 200 basis points (bps) to revenue growth, keeping the sector's expansion steady at 13–14 per cent for the second straight year. Crisil's study covered 40 organized apparel retailers, which account for nearly one-third of the sector's total revenue.
The government's GST revision created a dual effect. The uniform 5 per cent GST rate was extended to apparel priced up to Rs 2,500. This widening of the lab is set to spur demand in the price-sensitive fast-fashion and mid-premium categories, especially during the festive season.
Conversely, the GST rate on apparel priced above Rs 2,500 was increased from 12 per cent to 18 per cent. This hike impacts the premium category, which includes wedding wear, woolens, and embroidered clothing, and makes up about 35 per cent of organized sales.
Anuj Sethi, Senior Director, Crisil Ratings, notes, the timing of the rate cut - coinciding with the festive season - is expected to stimulate middle-class spending. This, combined with easing inflation and shorter fashion cycles, will give retailers a modest advantage in discretionary spending.
However, the higher GST on premium apparel could dampen demand, particularly for items priced in the Rs 2,500 to Rs 3,500 ($28 to $40) range, potentially causing some consumers to trade down. Poonam Upadhyay, Director, Crisil Ratings, suggests, retailers with a larger share of premium products may choose to absorb part of the GST hike to sustain festive and wedding season demand.
Retailers are expected to benefit from lower input costs, as the GST on cotton and synthetic fibers/yarn has been reduced to a uniform 5 per cent. Since raw materials constitute nearly two-thirds of production costs, the sector’s operating margin is projected to slightly improve from 14 per cent last year to 14 per cent–14.5 per cen this fiscal year.
Overall, the GST changes reflect shifting consumption patterns driven by a growing middle class and a preference for affordable, fashion-forward clothing, though any resurgence in inflation could pose a challenge.
When Beijing announced plans to enter the international carbon markets this October, the message was unmistakable: China no longer intends to simply follow global climate rules, it aims to write them. The move, revealed in the ‘Progress Report of China’s National Carbon Market (2025)’ by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), signals a new chapter in both China’s domestic environmental policy and global climate strategy. The report states that China will “promote fulfillment of international carbon reduction commitments through cross-border carbon trading,” positioning the country not just as a manufacturing giant but as an emerging powerhouse in green finance and climate governance. This shift, while technical in language, reflects something far more ambitious, a recalibration of China’s economic engine for a carbon-constrained world.
Laying the domestic foundation
Before stepping onto the global carbon stage, China spent the past three years building a sturdy domestic foundation. Since 2024, the government has increased the construction of a multi-layered legal and institutional framework to ensure the carbon market’s credibility and continuity.
Two policy documents: ‘Opinions on Advancing Green and Low-Carbon Transition and Strengthening the Construction of the National Carbon Market’ and the ‘Interim Regulations for the Management of Carbon Emission Trading’ laid down the rules of engagement. They codified everything from data verification and emission caps to penalties for fraud and data falsification, addressing one of the main concerns voiced by international observers: transparency.
“China’s focus on data integrity and compliance demonstrates that this is not just a political statement but a serious economic restructuring,” says Li Zheng, Executive Vice President at the Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University. “It’s about building market credibility at home before competing abroad.”
Broadening the market
The expansion of the National Carbon Emission Trading System (ETS) marks the most dramatic development since its inception. Approved by the State Council, the inclusion of steel, cement, and aluminum smelting brings more than 1,300 new entities into the fold raising the total to nearly 3,500.
With this, China’s ETS coverage has rose:
• Regulated emissions: up from 5 billion tonnes to 8 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent
• Emission types: now include CF₄ and C₂F₆, potent industrial greenhouse gases
• National coverage: from 40 per cent to over 60 per cent of total emissions
The expansion, to be implemented in phases through 2026, maintains an intensity-based approach, allowing enterprises to grow while improving their carbon efficiency. This contrasts with the absolute cap model dominant in the EU, reflecting Beijing’s attempt to balance growth and green transition. “China’s approach is pragmatic,” notes energy economist Zhao Mei of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. “It recognizes industrial realities while pushing firms to innovate, not stagnate.”
A market gaining momentum
What began as a cautious experiment in 2021 has now evolved into one of the world’s most active carbon markets. By 2024, the national carbon market reached a record annual transaction value of 18.11 billion yuan, and as of August 2025, cumulative transactions had climbed to 47.83 billion yuan. Prices for China Carbon Emission Allowances (CEAs) breached the symbolic 100 yuan/tonne mark for the first time in April 2024, an indication of tightening demand and investor confidence.
Table: China market's performance
M
|
Metric |
2024 |
|
Annual cumulative trading volume |
189 million tonnes |
|
Annual transaction value |
18.11 billion yuan |
|
Year-end composite closing price |
97.49 yuan/tonne |
|
Number of participating entities |
1,471 |
|
2023 compliance rate |
99.98% |
The near-perfect compliance rate is impressive observers, particularly given the system’s size and diversity. Analysts credit this success to digital monitoring systems and blockchain-backed verification tools introduced under the new regulations.
The rise of the voluntary carbon market
Parallel to the ETS, China launched its National Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading Market in January 2024, signaling a whole-of-society approach to decarbonization. This platform allows companies, investors, and even local governments to offset emissions by funding certified green projects.
Among its early success stories is the Dongtai Offshore Wind Project by China Energy Investment Corporation in Jiangsu. The project, approved for 857,000 tonnes of CO₂-equivalent credits, has generated nearly 70 million yuan in trading revenue, translating to an extra 0.039 yuan per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced. By August 2025, the voluntary market recorded:
Cumulative trading volume: 2.71 million tonnes
• Turnover: 229 million yuan
• Active projects: 106 (spanning wind, solar, and afforestation)
“This market is more than symbolic,” explains Xu Han, Director of Green Finance at the Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange. “It’s about turning ecological value into financial capital, a pathway for innovation and job creation.”
Global ambitions of cross-border carbon trading
China’s entry into international carbon markets marks a geopolitical inflection point. The MEE’s report confirms that Beijing is actively formulating administrative measures for cross-border carbon trading, a move that could redefine the architecture of global carbon governance.
This effort aligns with President Xi Jinping’s vision of a “community with a shared future for mankind,” extending China’s domestic carbon successes into an instrument of international cooperation. Beijing aims not only to meet its own 2060 carbon neutrality target but also to help developing nations achieve their decarbonization goals through technology and market access.
Already, China is exploring bilateral carbon trading frameworks with ASEAN countries, Africa, and the Middle East regions with abundant renewable potential but limited carbon finance infrastructure. “China’s entry into global carbon markets could create a counterweight to the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM),” says Jonathan Watts, Asia Climate Editor at The Guardian. “It’s about influence economic, environmental, and geopolitical.”
Yet the path forward isn’t without hurdles. Questions remain about the comparability of China’s carbon credits with international standards like those under the EU ETS or the Article 6 mechanisms of the Paris Agreement. Market analysts caution that without harmonized verification and transparency standards, integration may remain limited.
Also, industries under pressure particularly heavy manufacturing face rising costs as compliance tightens. Still, many experts see opportunity in adversity. “The carbon market is forcing Chinese industries to digitize, optimize, and innovate faster than ever,” says Li Zheng. “It’s a new competitiveness metric for the 21st century.”
Carbon as currency
For China, carbon trading has evolved beyond environmental policy it is now an economic instrument, a diplomatic lever, and a signal of its ambitions in the global sustainability economy. By increasing its carbon markets, strengthening data integrity, and embracing international cooperation, Beijing is crafting a vision of climate capitalism with Chinese characteristics. Whether the world follows its lead remains to be seen but one thing is clear: China is no longer content to be a participant in global climate governance. It is positioning itself to be its architect.
“We need to make fashion for worms. Fashion that can decompose in the soil.” When Arizona Muse, model and environmental activist, delivered this provocative line at Première Vision Paris, she wasn’t being poetic. She was crystallizing fashion’s most pressing contradiction, an industry that dreams of sustainability but remains shackled to the economics of convenience.
In 2025, the global fashion sector finds itself in a peculiar state of duality. On one hand, it’s bursting with innovation bioplastics, enzymatic recycling, regenerative materials. On the other, it’s suffocating under its own addiction to cheap polyester and fast cycles of consumption. The tension between progress and affordability has never been starker.
The polyester paradox
At the heart of the debate lies polyester, the fossil-fuel-based fiber that has come to define modern clothing. It is cheap, durable, and adaptable and it accounts for more than half of all fibers used in apparel today. Yet, as Arnaud Brunois-Gavard, Sustainability Manager at ECOPEL | Faux Fur Artisan, admits, breaking free from polyester is no easy feat. His company’s latest innovation, Biofur, a plant-based faux fur made from fermented corn sugar (PLA) embodies the future of circular fashion. But demand tells a different story.
“Despite the new material we offer, the client orders our polyester products,” he laments. It’s not a lack of innovation holding the industry back its economics. Polyester remains far cheaper than its eco-friendly counterparts, and with cotton prices surging due to erratic harvests, the dominance of synthetics is only deepening.
The new frontier, enzymatic recycling
Yet, innovation persists. On the trade fair floor in Paris, amid rows of recycled textiles and organic yarns, one breakthrough stood out: enzymatic recycling. Unlike mechanical or chemical recycling, which degrade material quality, enzymatic recycling breaks down polyester to its molecular core allowing it to be reconstituted into virgin-quality fiber. “This enables infinite recycling of polyester,” explains Greta Edkvist, Brand Manager at Chinese company Reo-Eco. “In theory, it can eliminate the need for new raw materials altogether.” If scaled successfully, enzymatic recycling could make synthetic fibers circular transforming plastic fashion into a resource loop rather than a waste stream. But in theory is doing heavy lifting.
Infrastructure, the missing link
The grand promise of a circular economy falters without one critical component collection and sorting infrastructure. Across much of Europe and Asia, textile waste systems are disjointed, underfunded, or nonexistent. Moreover, ultra-fast fashion has worsened the problem. The flood of cheap, blended fabrics produced by global giants makes recycling nearly impossible. The materials are too low in quality and too complex in composition for most recycling technologies to process. “You can’t close the loop if what’s inside it keeps breaking,” says a sustainability analyst at the event. This broken loop is emblematic of fashion’s circular challenge a system built for speed and scale now struggling to retrofit sustainability onto a model designed for disposability.
The consumer conundrum
And then there’s the consumer, the final, decisive link in the chain. A recycled wool fleece priced at €300 competes with a polyester version sold for €30. For most, the decision isn’t moral; it’s mathematical. “People talk about sustainability, but their wallets still vote for convenience,” opines an European retailer notes. This green hypocrisy, consumers advocating eco-consciousness while shopping for the cheapest option, results in the paradox. Sustainability cannot thrive on rhetoric alone. As one industry observer put it, “We need consumers who not only talk about green fashion but buy it. Otherwise, innovation will remain a showcase, not a solution.”
From greenwashing to ground truth
The industry’s shift toward circularity also demands honesty from both brands and buyers. Greenwashing has diluted public trust, as labels tout eco-friendly collections that merely offset, rather than overhaul, unsustainable practices. True change, experts say, will require transparency from brands and patience from consumers. Circular materials and enzymatic recycling can make fashion renewable but only if the market rewards such efforts.
Fashion for worms and humans
Arizona Muse’s phrase ‘fashion for worms’ isn’t just a metaphor. It’s a manifesto for transformation. To make biodegradable fashion mainstream, every link in the supply chain must evolve: from innovators creating compostable fabrics to governments investing in textile recycling, and consumers choosing products that outlast trends rather than landfill lifespans.
Fashion’s next revolution won’t be defined by color palettes or hemlines but by chemistry, ethics, and economics. The path to ‘fashion for worms’, might just begin when the industry and customers decide that the price of progress is worth paying.
Retail sales in the UK increased by 2.3 per cent Y-o-Y in September 2025, as per a joint report by the British Retail Consortium (BRC) and KPMG.
As per the report, this growth rate was slower than the 3.1 per cent recorded in August, indicating a cooling of consumer spending as households exercised greater caution.
The growth in the value of sales was often due to higher prices (inflation) rather than an increase in the volume of goods purchased. Data from Barclays also shows, overall consumer card spending actually declined by 0.7 per cent Y-o-Y in September.
Non-food sales increased by a meager 0.7 per cent Y-o-Y during the month, which was well below the 12-month average.
This cautious consumer behavior was linked to a mix of economic and seasonal factors including the looming Autumn Budget (scheduled for November) and fears of potential tax increases that weighed heavily on consumers' minds as they plann their budgets, especially for Christmas spending.
Unseasonably mild temperatures across the UK led shoppers to delay purchases of autumn and winter clothing and footwear, directly impacting the non-food sector. Consumers also remain highly selective, prioritizing ‘pick-me-up’ purchases in categories like furniture, clothing, and beauty, while making broader cutbacks in essential spending, which declined by 2.6 per cent Y-o-Y according to Barclays.
The data suggests that while the retail sector is still showing growth in monetary terms, the underlying spending behavior is becoming increasingly cautious and targeted due to persistent inflationary pressures and economic uncertainty.
A growing number of British high-street fashion brands, including River Island and New Look, have been closing physical stores throughout 2025, with more potential closures on the horizon.
This trend suggests that the struggle for brick-and-mortar retail isn't limited to discount stores (like Poundland) or coffee chains (like Costa Coffee), but is now significantly impacting the fashion sector.
This year has proved to be a severe low point for retailers overall. Several factors like rising operational costs and dwindling sales are forcing many established brands to consider shutting down stores.
The industry downturn has had direct consequences for employees, as retail employment has experienced a notable slump compared to previous years.
While the approaching holiday shopping season typically brings a boost in sales and the hiring of temporary staff to manage the Christmas rush, the overall trajectory for UK physical stores suggests a grim long-term picture for the future of traditional shopping.
